- Severe back pain
- Most often with bilateral sciatica with clinical signs of nerve root involvement (reduced strength, impaired sensation, diminished reflexes, bilateral Lasegue’s test positive)
- Urinary retention
- Bladder scan or catheterization
- Fecal incontinence
- Check contraction of the anal sphincter
- Sensory loss in the perineum
- S3: Over the ischial tuberosity or in the infragluteal fold (gluteal sulcus)
- S4, S5: Perianal up to 1 cm lateral from the transition between rectal mucosa and skin
Other special tests for the back
- Thoracic intervertebral disc flexion
- Schober test
- Slump test
- N. femoralis stretch test (Reverse Lasegue)
- Lasegue test
- Skin reflex
- Key examinations in radiculopathy L2-S2
- Nerve root involvement L2
- Nerve root involvement L3
- Nerve root involvement L4
- Nerve root involvement L5
- Nerve root involvement S1
- nerve root involvement S2